The process of learning to speak begins at birth. Children first perceive language by hearing and gradually learn to express it through words. This process unfolds at a different pace for each child. However, based on medical and psychological research, the stages of speech development in children are clearly defined.
Stage before one year
After birth, the child starts responding to surrounding sounds. At 2–3 months, they begin producing various sounds — this stage is known as “cooing.” By 6–7 months, babbling develops — repeating simple sounds such as “ba-ba,” “ma-ma.” At this point, the child memorizes heard words but does not yet use them purposefully.
Stage from one to two years
Most children say their first word around 12 months of age. These are usually simple and frequently used words like “mama,” “dada,” or “this.” By 18 months, the child’s vocabulary typically contains 10–20 words. The child may use certain words only in specific situations and tries to express desires through speech.
Stage from two to three years
At this stage, speech develops significantly. By the age of two, vocabulary grows to 50–100 words, and by three, it can reach 250–500 words. Children begin combining words into simple two- or three-word sentences, such as “daddy at work” or “here water.”
Stage after three years
After age three, children start forming full sentences using words. They understand opposites and may ask questions. By age four, a child can express themselves freely. By five, most children’s speech is understandable, mostly correct, and logical — approaching adult-like fluency.
What can cause delayed speech?
If a child says no words by 18–24 months or does not form two-word phrases by age two, this may indicate a speech delay. Possible causes include:
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hearing problems;
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neurological developmental delays;
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congenital issues with speech organs (vocal cords, tongue, mouth);
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insufficient language environment.
In such cases, it is recommended to consult specialists such as a speech therapist, pediatrician, or audiologist.
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